История развития экологии
«Экологически» мыслили, т. е. видели связь между живыми организмами и окружающей средой, ученые Древней Греции и Рима. Экология как наука начала формироваться в конце ХVIII в., и то сначала как один из разделов зоологии.
Развитие классической биологии долгое время шло по пути изучения морфологических и функциональных особенностей организмов в их единстве с условиями существования. Предысторией современной экологии являются труды натуралистов и географов XVIII—XIX вв. Первые представления о биосфере как области жизни и оболочке Земли даны Ж.-Б. Ламарком (1744—1829) в труде «Гидрология». Термин «биосфера» впервые ввел в научный обиход в 1875 г. австрийский геолог Э. Зюсс (1831—1914), в работах которого биосферу понимали как тонкую пленку жизни на земной поверхности, в значительной мере определяющую лик Земли.
Существенной вехой в развитии науки об образе жизни различных живых организмов является труд Т. Мальтуса (1798), в котором приведены уравнения экспоненциального роста популяций как основы демографических концепций. Несколько позже П. Ф. Ферхюльст предложил уравнение «логистического» роста (см. разд. 4.4.2). Эти работы обосновали представления о динамике численности популяций. Тогда же в трудах врача В. Эдвардса, философа О. Конта и биолога И. И. Мечникова было положено начало экологии человека. Социальные аспекты экологии человека отражены в трудах О. Конта, Д. Милля и Г. Спенсера, а также американских социологов Р. Парка и Б. Берджеса.





















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