Экосистемы Мирового океана
Океаны играют важную климатообразующую роль, перераспределяя солнечную энергию за счет испарения воды и перемещения нагретой воды с океаническими течениями. Они участвуют в других глобальных биогеохимических круговоротах в природе и являются гигантскими «резервуарами» диоксида углерода. Океан — яркий пример биогеоценоза.
К основным характеристикам экосистем Мирового океана относят:
глобальность размеров и огромные глубины, освоенные
жизнью; непрерывность — все океаны связаны между собой; постоянную циркуляцию среды под действием сильных ветров, дующих в течение года в одном и том же направлении, а также наличие глубинных течений; господство различных волн и приливов, вызванных
притяжением Луны и Солнца; в соленость и устойчивая во времени однородность
основного солевого состава; наличие растворенных биогенных элементов. Прибрежная зона океана. Это — относительно теплые, богатые биогенами мелководья, протянувшиеся от линии прилива на суше до края подводного продолжения континента — континентального шельфа.
В прибрежной зоне, занимающей менее 10% общей площади океана, сосредоточено 90% биомассы океанических растений и животных; здесь находится большинство районов промышленного рыболовства. Прибрежную зону подразделяют на несколько местообитаний.
Эстуарии — это часть прибрежной зоны, где пресные воды рек, ручьев и поверхностного стока смешиваются с солеными морскими водами. В эстуариях так же, как и во влажных тропических лесах и во внутренних болотных экосистемах, ежегодная удельная продукция биомассы максимальна в сравнении с любыми другими экосистемами планеты.
Коралловые рифы распространены в прибрежных зонах океана в тропических и субтропических широтах, где температура воды превышает 20 °С. Они в основном состоят из нерастворимых соединений кальция, выделяемых животными — кораллами, а также красными и зелеными водорослями при фотосинтезе. Разнообразие и сложное строение коралловых рифов привели к тому, что в них обитает более трети всех видов морских рыб и многочисленные другие морские организмы. Считают, что коралловые рифы играют особую роль в поддержании солевого состава океанических вод.
Открытый океан. Он отделяется от прибрежной зоны областью резкого увеличения глубин у края континентального шельфа. На его долю приходится только 10% биомассы океанических растений и животных, и безбрежные просторы глубоководья можно считать полупустынными. Однако благодаря огромной протяжеішости открытый океан — это основной поставщик чистой первичной биоло-гическойпродукциинаЗемле.





















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